Characteristics of astigmatism in Black South African high school children.

Samuel Otabor Wajuihian
Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban
4000, South Africa.

Abstract
Background: Astigmatism impairs vision at various distances and causes symptoms of asthenopia which negatively impacts
reading effciency.

Objective: The aim of conducting this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of astigmatism and its relationship to gender, age, school grade levels and spherical ametropia.

Methods: Using a multi-stage random cluster sampling, 1589 children who included 635 (40%), males, and 954 (60%), females were selected from 13 out of a sample frame of 60 schools. Their ages ranged between 13 and 18 years with a mean of 15.81±1.56 years. The parameters evaluated included visual acuity using the LogMAR chart and refractive errors measured using an autorefractor and then refned subjectively. Axis of astigmatism was presented in the vector method where positive values of J0 indicated with-the-rule, negative values described against-the-rule and J45 represented oblique astigmatism.

Results: The mean cylinder power was -0.09 ± 0.27 and mainly with-the-rule, J0 = 0.01 ± 0.11. The overall prevalence of clinically signifcant astigmatism (≤ – 0.75 cylinder) in the sample was 3.1% [(95% Confdence interval = 2.1-4.1%)]. Cylinder of at least – 0.25 power was considered to classify astigmatism types. Thus, the estimated distributions of types of astigmatism were: axis- 11.5%, sphero-astigmatism 10.1% and magnitude-astigmatism 11.2% while 67.2% had no cylinder of any magnitude.

Conclusion: The prevalence of astigmatism is relatively low in this population studied. Older children and those in high school
grade levels were more likely to have with-the-rule or against-the-rule astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism were comparable within but not across regions.

Keywords: Astigmatism prevalence, school children, South Africa.